Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, once considered a disease of the affluent, has now evolved into a widespread health crisis in India. With approximately 77 million cases, India bears a significant burden. The country's rapid economic growth, urbanization, and lifestyle changes, the prevalence of diabetes has skyrocketed.

The Rising Numbers:
India is currently home to the second-highest number of diabetes cases in the world, and the numbers are on a steady rise. The urbanization wave, sedentary lifestyles, increased consumption of processed foods, and genetic predisposition have all contributed to the country's diabetes burden.

The Magnitude of the Problem:
India is known as the 'Diabetes Capital of the World,' with over 77 million adults diagnosed with diabetes. This number is projected to rise considerably in the coming years. The disease not only affects urban areas but has also made its way into rural communities, further escalating its impact.

Types of Diabetes:
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes:

• Type 1 Diabetes: This type of diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce enough insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes often needs lifetime insulin therapy and is diagnosed in infancy or adolescence.


• Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form of diabetes, Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin and does not use it efficiently. Initially, the pancreas responds by making more insulin, but eventually, it might not be able to meet the demand. Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity play a significant role in the development of Type 2 diabetes.


• Gestational Diabetes: This type of diabetes develops during pregnancy in women who have never had diabetes before. It occurs due to hormonal changes that affect insulin utilization. While it usually resolves after childbirth, women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

• Increased thirst and hunger
• Frequent urination
• Fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss (Type 1)
• Blurred vision
• Slow wound healing
• Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
• Getting several infections, including vaginal, skin, and mouth infections
• Experiencing mood swings, such as feeling irritated
• Ketones found in the urine. (Ketones are a byproduct of the metabolism of fat and muscle that takes place when there is a lack of insulin available)

Causes of Diabetes:

Type 1 Diabetes:

• Autoimmune response: The pancreatic beta cells that make insulin are attacked by and destroyed by the immune system.
• Genetic predisposition: Type 1 diabetes is more likely to occur in those who have specific genes.
• Environmental triggers: Viral infections may contribute to the autoimmune response in those with certain genetic predispositions.

• Insulin resistance: Blood sugar levels rise when cells become less receptive to insulin.
• Pancreatic dysfunction: Over time, the pancreas may not produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs.
• Genetic and lifestyle factors: Family history, genetics, and unhealthy lifestyle habits contribute to type 2 diabetes.

• Hormonal changes during pregnancy: During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones that can make it harder for the body to use insulin.
• Being overweight or obese: Women who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop gestational diabetes.
• Family history of diabetes: Women who have a family history of diabetes are also more likely to develop gestational diabetes.
• Preexisting risk factors for type 2 diabetes: Women who have certain risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as being over the age of 35, having a history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or having given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds, are also more likely to develop gestational diabetes.

• Insulin therapy: Regular insulin injections or insulin pumps are essential to regulate blood sugar levels.
• Blood sugar monitoring: Frequent monitoring helps adjust insulin doses as needed.
• Healthy diet: Consistent carbohydrate intake and balanced meals are important.

• Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise and a healthy diet aid in weight management and improve insulin sensitivity.
• Oral medications or insulin: Some people may require medication or insulin to manage blood sugar levels.
• Blood pressure and cholesterol control: Regular monitoring and medication help prevent complications.

• Blood sugar monitoring: Keeping blood sugar levels in a healthy range protects both the mother and baby.
• Healthy eating: Balanced meals with controlled carbohydrate intake.
• Regular exercise: Consultation with a healthcare provider is essential to ensure safe exercise during pregnancy.